Decline of ukrainian statehood and culture (1712-1783)

Категория реферата: Топики по английскому языку
Теги реферата: культура шпаргалки, изложение 8 класс
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The neighboring areas centered around Kharkiv were called Slobidshchyna meaning free (from serfdom) lands also referred to as Sloboda Ukraine. They included Izyum, Balakleya, Akhtyrka, Sumy and, presently Russian areas around Bilhorod, Ostrohozhsk and Sudza. Originally these lands were settled by adventurous people, who tried to establish themselves free from Polish and Russian domination. They formed Cossack regiments for protection from Tatars and for some time were able to lead an independent life, because they served as a buffer from Turks and Tatars. However later they fell under direct Russian rule; the autonomy of Loboda Ukraine was abolished under Catherine II in 1765.

To ensure lasting domination over these two parts of Ukraine, Russians tried to suppress Ukrainian culture. They disallowed Ukrainian language in books, schools and theaters. The church and government were controlled by Moscow and the only way for a person to advance was to speak Russian and to be loyal to Moscow.

While Ukraine on the east side of Dnipro (Left Bank) was being russianized, the western Ukraine consisting of Galicia Wolhynia and Bukovyna (areas around Lviv, Ternopil Lutsk and Chernivtsi) was under Polish influence. Polish authorities were preventing not only national, but also economic development of Ukrainians. The Orthodox Church was being gradually taken over by Polish dominated Catholic Church.

Between western Ukraine and, Russian dominated, parts on east side of Dnipro was a large territory on Right Bank, partly de-populated by recent wars involving Cossacks, Poles, Russians, Turks and Tatars. Gradually, Polish nobility began to return, reclaimed their landholdings and started to exploit Ukrainian peasants as serfs. The resistance to this, at first, was in the form of outlaw gangs, said to have robbed the rich to help the poor. Some of the gang leaders were even considered as folk heroes, such as Olexa Dowbush, who operated between 1738 and 1745. There were also uprisings by so called Haydamaks, generally during hostilities between Poland and Russia. The biggest uprising was in 1768. Haydamaks, led by Maxym Zaliznyak and Ivan Honta, captured Umanj and killed many Polish oppressors and their Jewish collaborators. They expected help from their Orthodox "brothers" from Russia. However Russians made peace with Poland, captured Zaliznyak, Honta and many other Haydamaks handed them over to Poles. Those, who were not immediately tortured and executed, were tried in Kodno and sentenced, in most cases, to death.

The Transcarpathian Ukraine (areas around Uzhhorod and Mukachiv) was under Hungarian rule. Overwhelmingly rural in character Transcarpathia had a Ukrainian Ruthenian peasantry, a powerful Hungarian nobility and a substantial number of urban and rural Jews. Ukrainian population there did not display much enthusiasm for independence but managed to retain their language, customs and religion.

Cancellation of Hetmanate was decided by tsarina Catering II, who ruled Russia from 1762, after short reign of her husband Peter III. Hetman Rozumovskyi resigned and, in his place, on November 1764, tsarina re installed "Little Russian Collegiate", under presidency of Graf Rumyantsev.

Rumyantsev's policy was to eliminate all remaining traces of Ukrainian autonomy and separatism, to introduce serfdom of peasants and to integrate Ukraine with Russia. This was resisted by Cossacks and population at large.

In 1767 tsarina ordered election of deputies from all parts of Russian Empire in order to be informed what kind of government people want. The deputies from Ukraine declared their desire for Hetmanate autonomy. This angered Rumyantsev and he sent out his officers to persuade electors to elect deputies supporting his government; people who resisted were jailed. However in spite of all efforts of Russian authorities, the popular sentiment for return of Hetmanate system continued.

In 1772 Galicia and, two years later, Bukovina were annexed to Austro Hungarian Monarchy, which has somewhat improved conditions of Ukrainians (Ruthenians in the contemporary terminology of Galicia). In 1774 the Uniate church (renamed to Greek Catholic church) was, by imperial decree, equalized in status with Roman Catholic church. Educational reforms in 1775 allowed for instructions in Ukrainian language. However on balance government policies favored the Poles.

The Cossack stronghold, Zaporozhian Sitch, was subservient to Moscow and was utilized for raids on Crimea and Turkey. During Turkish war, which started in 1768, several thousand Cossacks supported Russians in battles on land and Sea. Their efforts were rewarded by eulogies from tsarina but little else and restrictions of Cossack freedoms continued. Their lands were being colonized by Russians, Serbians and other foreigners with aim of creation of so called Novorossiya or New Russia state in the south of Ukraine.

After end of Turkish war in 1775 the Cossacks were being gradually disarmed and in the Summer of that year, Russian general Tekeli surrounded Cossacks in Sitch itself with superior force and demanded abandonment of their fortress. Faced with such overwhelming odds, Cossack chief Kalnyshevskyj surrendered. Sitch was destroyed and abolished by tzarist edict of 3rd August 1775. Kalnyshevskyj and other Cossack leaders were exiled to Siberia.

The Cossack lands were granted to Russian nobles; Cossacks were told to disperse and settle in towns and villages or to join Russian forces. Many Cossacks escaped and settled in Turkey near Danube delta; in 1778 they were formally accepted under Turkish rule.

By end of 1780 all districts, which were formerly under Hetmanate, were incorporated into Russian regime. In 1783 all Cossack regiments were transferred to Russian forces; peasants were prohibited to leave their landlords, which made them serfs on their former land. Ukrainian church autonomy was abolished and church property was transferred to Russian treasury.

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