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- In the south-western dialects intransitive verbs have the ending ‘- y’ [?].

- In Western Somersetshire before the infinitive in the function of the adverbial modifier of purpose ‘for’ is used: e.g. Hast gotten a bit for mend it with? (= Have you got anything to mend it with?)

3.7 Adverbs.

- In the south-western dialects an adjective is used instead of the adverb. e.g. You might easy fall.

- To build the comparative degree ‘far’ is used instead of ‘further’;

‘laster’ instead of ‘more lately’.

- The suparative degree: ‘farest’; ‘lastest’; ‘likerest’; ‘rathest’. a) The adverbs of place: abeigh [?b?x] - ‘at some distance’ abune, aboon - ‘above’ ablow - ‘under’ ben, benn - ‘inside’ outbye [utba?] - ‘outside’ aboot - ‘around’ hine, hine awa - ‘far’ ewest - ‘near’ b) The adverbs of the mode of action: hoo, foo - ‘how’ weel - ‘great’ richt - ‘right’ ither - ‘yet’ sae - ‘so’ c) The adverbs of degree: much e.g. How are you today? - Not much, thank you.

‘much’ is also used in the meaning of ‘wonderfully’ e.g. It is much you boys can’t let alone they there ducks.

It was much he hadn’t a been a killed. rising

‘rising’ is often used in the meaning of ‘nearly’ e.g. How old is the boy? - He’s rising five.
- ‘fell’, ‘unco’, ‘gey’, ‘huge’, ‘fu’, ‘rael’ are used in the meaning of
‘very’.
- ower, owre [aur] - ‘too’
- maist - ‘nearly’
- clean - ‘at all’
- that - ‘so’
- feckly - ‘in many cases’
- freely - ‘fully’
- naarhan, nighhan - ‘nearly’
- han, fair - ‘at all’ d) Adverbs of time: whan, fan - ‘when’ belive, belyve - ‘now’ yinst - ‘at once’ neist - ‘then’ fernyear - ‘last year’ afore (= before) e.g. Us can wait avore you be ready, sir. next - ‘in some time’ e.g. next day = the day after tomorrow while = till, if e.g. You’ll never make any progress while you listen to me.

You have to wait while Saturday.

3.8 Transitivity and intransivity in the dialects of South-West

England.

One of the most important aspects of studying south-western English is dialect syntax. So, the article by Jean-Marc Gachelin can give us much information about transitivity and intransitivity in the dialects of South-
West England.

“Wakelin has pointed out that ‘syntax is an unwieldy subject which dialectologists have fought shy of’. This brushing aside of dialect syntax is regrettable because the study of grammatical variation can shed light on the workings of any language, and thereby enrich general linguistics. The present chapter deals with an area of dialect syntax - transitivity in south-west of England dialects - and attempts to characterize and explain, synchronically and diachronically, its salient features.

We prefer the moderation of Kilby, who simply admits that the notion of direct object (DO) ‘is not at all transparent in its usage’. The problem, therefore, should be not so much to discard but rather to improve our notions of transitivity and intransitivity. In this regard, the dialects of South-west England are important and interesting.

1. A description of transitivity and intransitivity in the dialects of
South-west England.

When compared with the corresponding standard language, any geographical variety may be characterized by three possibilities:

(a) identity; (b) archaism (due to slower evolution); and (c) innovation. Interestingly enough, it is not uncommon in syntax for (b) and
(c) to combine if a given dialect draws extensively on a secondary aspect of an older usage. This is true of two features which are highly characteristic of the South-west and completely absent in contemporary
Standard English.

1.1 Infinitive + y

One of these characteristics is mentioned by Wakelin, the optional addition of the -y ending to the infinitive of any real intransitive verb or any transitive verb not followed by a DO, namely object-deleting verbs
(ODVs) and ergatives. The use of this ending is not highlighted in the
Survey of English Dialects (SED, Orton and Wakelin). It is only indirectly, when reading about relative pronouns, that we come upon There iddn (= isn’t) many (who) can sheary now, recorded in Devon (Orton and Wakelin).
However, Widen gives the following examples heard in Dorset: farmy, flickery, hoopy (‘to call’), hidy, milky, panky (‘to pant’), rooty (talking of a pig), whiny. Three of these verbs are strictly intransitive (ftickery, panky, whiny), the others being ODVs. Wright also mentions this characteristic, chiefly in connection with Devon, Somerset and Dorset.

In the last century, Barnes made use of the -y ending in his Dorset poems, both when the infinitive appears after to: reдky = ‘rake’ skimmy drashy = ‘thresh’ reely and after a modal (as in the example from the SED):

Mid (= may) happy housen smoky round/The church.

The cat veil zick an’ woulden mousy.

But infin.+y can also be found after do (auxiliary), which in South- west dialects is more than a more ‘signal of verbality’, serving as a tense- marker as well as a person-marker (do everywhere except for dost, 2nd pers. sing.). Instead of being emphatic, this do can express the progressive aspect or more often the durative-habitual (= imperfective) aspect, exactly like the imperfect of Romance languages. Here are a few examples culled from Barnes’s poems:

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