Telecommunications

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Tracking. Voice and messaging systems will also tell their users where they are to within a few hundred metres. Combined with the messaging service, the location service could help rescue teams to find stranded adventurers, the police to find stolen cars, exporters to follow the progress of cargoes, and haulage companies to check that drivers are not detouring to the pub. Satellite systems will provide better positioning information to anyone who has a receiver for their signals.

INTERNET

The internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet swithing. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just rout around them. One such packet- swithing network which has already survived a war is the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United
States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries.
Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions worldwide, and their number is growing by thousands each month.

The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the
Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide-Web, telnet, FTP, and
Gopher.

In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: users pay their service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes toward its costs to connect to a larger service provider, and part of the fee received by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.

But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and refined by skilled
– but inexpensive – Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.

However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. However, because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many good encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e.
“in the clear”/ But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may b useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved.

ADVANCING ROLE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN BANKING

Role of telecommunications in banking as in other businesses nowadays is extremely important. We can even say that this field is critical success factor for the modern bank or banking system.

There are two different approaches in terms of ownership to building banking communications in the world. One approach that is chosen for example by banking system of Russia and some other former Soviet Union countries is building of private banking networks from the start. This approach has certain benefits, mainly from security prospective. On the other hand building private banking networks requires permanent and serious involvement of banks in financing, support and development of telecommunications systems. Other approach is building banking communications over existing public services in the country. Some of main benefits of this approach are relatively low level of investments in communications and possibility of sharing achievements in this field with other businesses. At the same time in the future it will be easier for central bank to minimize it's involvement is this field then in the case of private banking communication systems.

There are number of most important banking systems and services that are based on communications.

Electronic Funds Transfer System - System facilitating electronic transfer of domestic interbank and intrabank (interbranch) payment instruments.

International Financial Telecommunications - Same as EFTS but for international operations.

National Money markets and auctions - System allowing electronic trading of financial instruments and stocks within the banking system.

Centralized accounting and analysis of available reserves and government budget across country

Centralized electronic processing of personal Credit-and-Debit card operations.

The importance of fast and reliable electronic information exchange between financial institutions grows with economy of country and requires deployment of modern technologies in the banking system.

RUSSIA'S TELECOMMUNICATIONS ROADS GET WIDER, MORE EXPENSIVE

In the last days of 2000 the government approved "in principle" of a draft concept for developing the market of telecommunications services, extending till the year 2010. What are the likely implications of that decision?

Under the approved project further efforts in the telecommunications market must be geared to meet the growing demand for communications services. According to the Ministry of Communications, 54,000 communities in Russia have not a single telephone. Communications networks development has been and still is the job of traditional operators. Bills paid by retail subscribers cover a mere 77 percent of local telephone communications costs.

According to the most conservative estimates, the development of the national telephone infrastructure will require an investment of $33 billion over a period of ten years. The number of ordinary telephones will grow from 31.2 million in 2000 to 47.7 million in 2010, and of mobile telephones, from 2.9 million to 22.2 million. The army of Internet users by
2010 will go up from 2.5 million to 26.1 million.

For communications operators to be effective control will be established of the fair access of one operator to the other operator's network. No operator will be allowed to refuse access to its infrastructure to another operator. And tariffs for all market participants should be the same.

Having examined the concept the Ministry of Communication, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade and the Anti-Monopoly Policies Ministry ordered finalizing the document within a two-month deadline and present it in one package with a plan for implementation measures to the Cabinet of
Ministers. In the meantime, the Russian communications market is booming.
Investments in 2000 exceeded by far those witnessed by pre-crisis 1997.
National industrial operators are in the growth phase.

For the past few years the telecommunications divisions of several giants (such as the Ministry of Railways, Gazprom and others companies) have stormed the domestic market, but none has gained full access to this day. The possibility remains, though, that these companies next year may gain the status of a full-fledged operator. However, before they can count on the right to provide communications services in the domestic market, the operators of corporate telecommunications networks must settle their debts to the government, Communications Minister Leonid Reiman told Vek. He believes that these operators may settle their liabilities by transferring part of their shares to the State Property Ministry.

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