The History of English
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This is the end
Of poor old Solomon Grundy.
English proverbs are useful in many situations. Here are a few examples.
When there's a will, there's a way. Or: All’s well that ends well. No sweet
without sweat. Lend money and lose a friend. East or West, home is best.
English jokes are very funny. They often laugh at nationalities of the
British Isles. Here is a typical one. “An Englishman, a Scotsman and an
Irishman were alone on a desert island.” One day the Englishman found an
old bottle. He broke it and out came a genie. The genie said: “I'll give
you and your friends three wishes. But choose well, because you may have
only one wish each” “My wish is quite simple”, - said the Englishman, -
“I wish to be taken home”. “Your wish is my command”, - said the genie, and the Englishman disappeared. “Yes, I'd like the same”, - said the
Scotsman. And in a minute he was at home as well. Then the genie turned to
the Irishman. “And what about you? What's your wish?” The Irishman
thought a little and then said: “I'm very lonely without my friends. I
wish they were back here with me.”
English literature has very rich traditions. English poetry is well known
in the world best Russian poets translated English poetry into Russian. But
of course, when you study English it's a pleasure to learn English poems in
the original. My favorite poem is “If by R. Kipling. I think, he gives
very good advice for the young people in this poem.
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are loosing theirs and blaming it on you*
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don't deal in lies,
Or being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise:
If you can dream - and not make dreams your master:
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim.
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two imposters just the same.
You can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build them up with worn-out tools:
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch and toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginning
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the will which says to them; “Hold on!”
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue
Or walk with kings – nor lose the common touch,
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, out non much;
If you can *ill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run.
Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,
And – which is more – you’ll be a Man, my son!
Yes, to learn English is such a fun, indeed!!!
List of Literature
1. Speak Out 3/2001 – pages 2-4 Издательство «ГЛОССА».
2. Борисов В.С., Борисова Л.М. «Английский не для всех»
3. Mark Farrell «The World Of English» England Longman 1995.
4. James O’Driscoll «Britain» Oxford University England Press 1995.
5. «Treasures Of Historical English» Борисова Л.М.
6. «History And Mystery Of The English Words» Борисова Л.М.
7. G.C. Thorney «An Outline Of English Literature» England Longman 1984.
Supplement
|OE |Gothic |Description; Position; |Examples |
| | |Pronunciation | |
|a |a |Short back vowel; Mainly in open |macian (to |
| | |syllables, when the following one|make), habban |
| | |contains a back vowel; English |(to have) |
| | |cup | |
|б |ai |Long back [a] vowel; In any kind |stбn (a stone),|
| | |of syllables; English star |hбtan (to call)|
|ж |a |Short back vowel; Met mainly in |dжg (a day), |
| | |closed syllables, or in open |wжter (water) |
| | |ones, if the next syllable | |
| | |contains a front vowel; English | |
| | |bad | |
|ж ' |й, б |Long back vowel; as Gothic й |stж ' lon |
| | |found only in some verbal forms, |(stolen), hж ' |
| | |as Gothic б is the result of the |lan (to cure) |
| | |so - called i - mutation; German | |
| | |za "hlen | |
|e |i, ai, a|Short front vowel; as Gothic i, |sengean (to |
| | |ai noticed only in some |sing) |
| | |infinitives, otherwise is result | |
| | |of the mutation of i; English bed| |
|й |у |Long front [e] vowel; resulted |dйman (to |
| | |from the i - mutation of у; |judge) |
| | |German Meer | |
|i |i, ie |Short front vowel; can be either |bindan (to |
| | |stable or unstable, the unstable |bind), niht - |
| | |sound can interchange with ie and|nyht (a night) |
| | |y; English still | |
|н |ie |Long front [i] vowel; also stable|wrнtan (to |
| | |and unstable (mutating to э); |write), hн - hэ|
| | |English steal |(they) |
|o |u, au |Short back vowel; English cost |coren (chosen) |
|у |o |Long back [o] vowel; English |scуc (divided) |
| | |store | |
|u |u, au |Short back vowel; used only when |curon (they |
| | |the next syllable contains |chose) |
| | |another back vowel; English book | |
|ъ |ъ |Long back [u] vowel; English |lъcan (to look)|
| | |stool | |
|y |u |Short front vowel; i - mutation |gylden (golden)|
| | |of u; German fu" nf | |
|э |ъ |Long front [y] vowel; i - |mэs (mice) |
| | |mutation of ъ, German glu "hen | |
|a. |o |A special short sound met only |monn (a man) |
| | |before nasals in closed syllables| |
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