Ukraine

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hydro: 9.2%

nuclear: 43.8%

other: 0% (1998)
Electricity—consumption: 174 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity—exports: 5 billion kWh (1998)
Electricity—imports: 7 billion kWh (1998)
Agriculture—products: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk
Exports: $11.3 billion (1998 est.)
Exports—commodities: ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products
Exports—partners: Russia, China,, Turkey, Germany, Belarus (1998)
Imports: $13.1 billion (1998 est.)
Imports—commodities: energy, machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, plastics and rubber
Imports—partners: Russia, Germany, US, Poland, Italy (1998)
Debt—external: $10.9 billion (October 1998)
Economic aid—recipient: $637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility
$2.2 billion (1998)
Currency: 1 hryvna=100 kopiykas
Exchange rates: hryvnia per US$1—3.4270 (February 1999), 2.4495 (1998),
1.8617 (1997), 1.8295 (1996), 1.4731 (1995), 0.3275 (1994)

note: in August 1998, Ukraine introduced currency controls in an attempt to fend off the impact of the Russian financial crisis; it created an exchange rate corridor for the hryvnia of 2.5-3.5 hryvnia per US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
|Communications |

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Telephones: 12,531,277 (1998)
Telephone system: Ukraine's phone systems are administered through the
State Committee for Communications; Ukraine has a telecommunication development plan through 2005; Internet service is available in large cities

domestic: local—Kiev has a digital loop connected to the national digital backbone; Kiev has several cellular phone companies providing service in the different standards; some companies offer intercity roaming and even limited international roaming; cellular phone service is offered in at least 100 cities nationwide

international: foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved the Ukrainian telephone system; Ukraine's two main fiber- optic lines are part of the Trans-Asia-Europe Fiber-Optic Line (TAE); these lines connect Ukraine to worldwide service through Belarus, Hungary, and
Poland; Odesa is a landing point for the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia
Undersea Fiber-Optic Cable (ITUR) giving Ukraine an additional fiber-optic link to worldwide service; Ukraine has Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik earth stations
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note—at least 25 local broadcast stations of NA type (1998)
Radios: 15 million (1990)
Television broadcast stations: at least 33 (in addition 21 repeater stations that relay ORT broadcasts from Russia) (1997)
Televisions: 17.3 million (1992)
|Transportation |

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Railways:

total: 23,350 km

broad gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified)
Highways:

total: 172,565 km

paved: 163,937 km (including 1,875 km of expressways); note—these roads are said to be hard-surfaced, meaning that some are paved and some are all- weather gravel surfaced

unpaved: 8,628 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 4,400 km navigable waterways, of which 1,672 km were on the
Pryp''yat' and Dnistr (1990)
Pipelines: crude oil 4,000 km (1995); petroleum products 4,500 km (1995); natural gas 34,400 km (1998)
Ports and harbors: Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev
(Kyyiv), Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni
Merchant marine:

total: 181 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,022,047 GRT/1,101,278 DWT

ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 117, liquefied gas tanker 1, container 4, multifunction large-load carrier 2, oil tanker 16, passenger 12, passenger- cargo 3, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo
10, short-sea passenger 3 (1998 est.)
Airports: 706 (1994 est.)
Airports—with paved runways:

total: 163

over 3,047 m: 14

2,438 to 3,047 m: 55

1,524 to 2,437 m: 34

914 to 1,523 m: 3

under 914 m: 57 (1994 est.)
Airports—with unpaved runways:

total: 543

over 3,047 m: 7

2,438 to 3,047 m: 7

1,524 to 2,437 m: 16

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