THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY SINCE THE END OF SECOND WORLD WAR

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The BUR received a lot of criticims since it was announced. “There is no logical flow from the “top” - political guidance based on the imperative to protect US interests in a new security environment - to the “bottom”, i.e., planned forces.”[64] The other problem that “there are grounds for suspecting that the force structure selected for the late 1990s is geared more to meet fiscal goals than strategic ones.”[65]

So, it is obvious that the end of the Cold War was not the end of the threats for US national security , and not the end of the problems for the
US defense planners. More, it seems that it was easier to deal with one big threat rather than with a complex of relatively small threats.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Brown, S., The Faces of Power: Constancy and Change in United States
Foreign Policy from Truman to Reagan (New York: Columbia University Press,
1983)
2. Clark, M.T., ‘The Future of Clinton’s Foreign and Defense Policy:
Multilateral Security’, Comparative Strategy, Vol.13, 1994, pp.181-195
3. Foerster, Sch., ‘The United States as a World Power: An Overview’, in
Foerster, Sch. and Wright, E.N. (eds.), American Defense Policy (6th. ed.
Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1990) pp.165-187
4. Gaddis, J.L., Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar
American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982)
5. Gray, C.S., ‘Off the Map: Defense Planning After the Soviet Threat’,
Strategic Review, Spring 1994, pp.26-35
6.Kegley, Ch.W. and Wittkopf, E.R., American Foregn Policy: Pattern and
Process (3rd. ed. London: Macmillan, 1987)
7. Korb, L.J., ‘The United States’, in Murray, D.J. and Viotti, P.R.
(eds.), The Defense Policies of Nations (3rd. ed. Baltimore: The John
Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp.19-56
8. Krepinevich, A.F., ‘The Clinton Defense Program: Assessing the Bottom-Up
Review’, Strategic Review, Spring 1994, pp.15-25
9.Leffler, M.P., ‘National Security and US Foreign Policy’, in Leffler,
M.P. and Painter, D.S. (eds.), Origins of the Cold War: An International
History (London: Routledge, 1994), pp.15-52
10. Nitze, P.H., ‘Grand Strategy Then and Now: NSC-68 and its Lessons for the Future’, Strategic Review, Winter 1994, pp.12-19
11. Sullivan, R.S., ‘Dealing with the Soviets’, in Foerster, Sch. and
Wright, E.N. (eds.), American Defense Policy (6th. ed. Baltimore: The John
Hopkins University Press, 1990), pp.165-187
12. Trachtenberg, M., ‘American Policy and Shifting Nuclear Balance’, in
Leffler, M.P. and Painter, D.S. (eds.), Origins of the Cold War: An
International History (London: Routledge, 1994), pp.107-122
13. Walker, M., The Cold War: And the Making of the Modern World (London:
Vintage, 1994)
14. Williams, Ph., ‘U.S. Defense Policy’, in Baylis, J., Booth, K.,
Garnett, J., and Williams, Ph., Contemporary Strategy. Volume 2: The
Nuclear Powers (2nd. ed. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987), pp.28-55

--------------------
[1] Kegley, Ch.W. and Wittkopf, E.R., American Foreign Policy: Pattern and
Process (3rd. ed. London: Macmillan, 1987), p.56
[2] Korb, L.J., ‘The United States’, in Murray, D.J. and Viotti, P.R.
(eds.), The Defense Policies of Nations (3rd. ed. Baltimore: The John
Hopkins University Press, 1994), p.30
[3] Foerster, Sch., ‘The United States as a World Power: An Overview’, in
Foerster, Sch. and Wright, E.N. (eds.), American Defense Policy (6th. ed.
Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1990), p.152
[4] Gaddis, J.L., Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of
Postwar American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1982), p.10
[5] Ibid., p.18
[6] Brown, S., The Faces of Power: Constancy and Change in United States
Foreign Policy from Truman To Reagan (New York: Columbia University Press,
1983), p.31
[7] Ibid., p.34
[8] Leffler, M.P., ‘National Security and US Foreign Policy’, in Leffler,
M.P. and Painter, D.S. (eds.), Origins of the Cold War: An International
History (London: Routledge, 1994), p.23
[9] Walker, M., The Cold War: And the Making of the Modern World (London:
Vintage, 1994), p.59
[10] Kegley, Ch.W. and Wittkopf, E.R., op.cit., p.56
[11] Ibid., p.58
[12] Ibid., p.58
[13] Sullivan, R.S., ‘Dealing with the Soviets’, in Foerster, Sch. and
Wright, E.N. (eds.), American Defense Policy (6th. ed. Baltimore: The John
Hopkins University Press, 1990), p.165
[14] Ibid., p.169
[15] Ibid., p.170
[16] Leffler, M.P., op.cit., p.34
[17] Nitze, P.H., ‘Grand Strategy Then and Now: NSC-68 and its Lessons for the Future’, Strategic Review, Winter 1994, p.16
[18] Trachtenberg, M., ‘American Policy and the Shifting Nuclear Balance’, in Leffler, M.P. and Painter, D.S. (eds.), Origins of the Cold War: An
International History (London: Routledge, 1994), p.113
[19] Williams, Ph., ‘US Defense Policy’, in Baylis, J., Booth, K., Garnett,
J., and Williams, Ph., Contemporary Strategy. Volume 2: The Nuclear Powers
(2nd. ed. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987), p.34
[20] Brown, S., op.cit., p.58
[21] Korb, L.J., op.cit., p.27
[22] Sullivan, R.S., op.cit., p.172
[23] Kegley, Ch.W. and Wittkopf, E.R., op.cit., p.83
[24] Ibid., p.83
[25] Ibid., p.84
[26] Ibid., p.84
[27] Ibid., p.86
[28] Ibid., p.109
[29] Williams, Ph., op.cit., p.29
[30] Walker, M., op.cit., p.171
[31] Kegley, Ch.W. and Wittkopf, E.R., op.cit., p.61
[32] Ibid., p.63
[33] Gaddis, J.L., op.cit., p.289
[34] Ibid., p.298
[35] Ibid., pp.289-292
[36] Sullivan, R.S., op.cit., p.177
[37] Gaddis, J.L., op.cit., p.295
[38] Korb, L.J., op.cit., p.25
[39] Sullivan, R.S., op.cit., p.179
[40] Ibid., p.181
[41] Kegley, Ch.W. and Wittkopf, E.R., op.cit., p.65
[42] Ibid., p.65
[43] Sullivan, R.S., op.cit., p.181
[44] Kegley, Ch.W. and Wittkopf, E.R., op.cit., p.95
[45] Sullivan, R.S., op.cit., p.182
[46] Ibid., p.184
[47] Walker, M., op.cit., p.290
[48] Ibid., p.294
[49] Sullivan, R.S., op.cit., p.184
[50] Walker, M., op.cit., p.300
[51] Sullivan, R.S., op.cit., p.185
[52] Ibid., p.185
[53] Walker, M., op.cit., p.326
[54] Korb, L.J., op.cit., p.30
[55] Walker, M., op.cit., p.340
[56] Korb, L.J., op.cit., p.54
[57] Clark, M.T., ‘The Future of Clinton’s Foreign and Defense Policy:
Multilateral Security’, Comparative Strategy, Vol.13, 1994, p.181
[58] Ibid., p.182
[59] Ibid., pp. 184-185
[60] Krepinevich, A.F., ‘The Clinton Defense Program: Assessing the Bottom-
Up Review’, Strategic Review, Spring 1994, p.16
[61] Gray, C.S., ‘Off the Mapp: Defense Planning After the Soviet Threat’,
Strategic Review, Spring 1994, p.31
[62] Krepinevich, A.F., op.cit., p.16
[63] Ibid., p.21
[64] Ibid., p.34
[65] Gray, C.S., op.cit., p.33

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