Cultural Values
Категория реферата: Топики по английскому языку
Теги реферата: реферат япония, сочинение рассуждение
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. I learned that I should not feel inferior to other people because of being physically disabled.
. Being in the US I am conscious of being Russian and proud of it. I don't that I stand out in American culture and most
Americans can't say I am from a different country unless I tell them, but somehow I always "feel" Russian and tell people I am from Russia with a sense of pride.
CONCLUSION
Let's sum up everything considered above.
Now there is a problem of misunderstanding among people of the different countries. This misunderstanding is shown owing to different attitudes to life, to business, to family, to fellow workers. Also because of ignorance of traditions, customs, etiquette of other countries.
Excellent knowledge of foreign language is not a guarantee of successful cooperation of firms or pleasant dialogue of people from different continents. To know language is only half-affair. The most important is to understand priorities of other people, to try to look at the world by their eyes.
If the country is more advanced in economic, political, social spheres, it gives more attention to studying other cultures for successful cooperation (for example, the USA, Japan).
It is important to note, that the closer cultures to each other, the fewer problems arise at their interaction. If cultures are opposite, then the essence of intercultural dialogue is reduced to understanding of different values.
For greater success in relations between the countries it is necessary to take into account all these features.
LITERATURE:
1. «Communication and Culture» / Alfred G. Smith // Hold,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc., the United States of America,1966
2. «Crossing Cultural Borders - Russia» / Julie E. Zdanoski //
Petrozavodsk, 2003
3. «Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension in the Language
Classroom» / Louise Damen
4. «Culture Matters. How Values Shape Human Progress» / Lawrence
E. Harrison, Samuel P. Huntington // Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, the United States of America, 2000
APPENDIX
A CULTURAL MODEL OF INTERACTION
When a person from a national society with hierarchical tendencies encounters a person from a society with egalitarian tendencies, and moreover when the country of the latter is generally "high" in the estimation of the former, the idealized paradigm as shown in Figure 1 would be approximated. In this diagram, X, the person from a country with egalitarian views, behaves toward Y, the person from a hierarchically oriented country, as if he occupied the same "level"; that is, in equalitarian terms.
[pic]
Figure 1.
TABLE 1. SOME IMPLICIT CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS
North American (USA)
Personal control of the environment
Change inevitable and desirable
Equality of opportunity
Individualism
Future orientation
Action orientation
Directness and openness
Practicality; pragmatic; rational
Problem-solving orientation
Cause-and-effect logic
Informality
Competition
DO-it-yourself approach to life
Contrast American
Nature dominating man
Unchanging; traditional
Class structure dominant; hierarchical Interdependence but individuality
Present or past orientation
Being orientation
Suggestive; consensus-seeking; group orientation
Feeling orientation; philosophical
Inactive; enduring; seeking help from others Knowing
Formality
Group progress
Intermediaries
TABLE 2 VALUE ASSUMPTIONS OF EAST AND WEST: JAPAN AND THE UNATED STATES
Values concerning
1. Nature and Culture vertically
(octopus pot)(draws in)
(outside/inside)
2. Interpersonal Relationships
Unated States
Heterogeneity; horizontal society guilt sasara (bamboo wisk)
Doing
Pusning
Omote predominates
Independence; I/you clash symmetrical relationships informality
Achieved status
Japan
Homogeneity; shame takotsubo
Being
Pulling
Omote/ura
We over I; amae complementary
Ascribed status
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