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Shrek, however, is unwilling to put off his helmet: he does not want the girl to see that he is an ogre. To make him obey her, Fiona uses another indirect speech act: “Why not remove your helmet?” and then a rather impolite directive: “Remove it! Now!”

2. Publicism

Indirect speech acts are widely used in publicistic works when the speaker or the writer aims at convincing the interlocutor of something. A quotation from an article published by “The Times” dated June 12, 1999, exemplifies this:

“The claim that the Earl of Oxford, or Bacon, or any other grandee must have written “Shakespeare” seems to be born largely of a snobbish conviction that a provincial grammar-school boy could not have produced that corpus of world masterpieces. Yet outstanding literary achievement is more likely to come from such a background than any other.

With the exception of Byron and Shelley, all our greatest writers have been middle-class, and most of them provincials. If
Marlowe, a Canterbury shoemaker’s son, could re-create the worlds of Edward II and Tamburlaine, why should not a Stratford glover’s son depict courtly life at large? The argument that it would take an aristocrat to know how royalty behaved and thought ignores the imaginative power of well-read genius.”

The journalist’s argument “The claim … seems to be born largely of a snobbish conviction that a provincial grammar school boy could not have produced that corpus of world masterpieces.” contains two speech acts. On the one hand, it is a representative giving a negative, critical appraisal. On the other hand, it is an indirect expressive (a protest).

The argument “If Marlowe, a Canterbury shoemaker’s son, could re-create the worlds of Edward II and Tamburlaine, why should not a Stratford glover’s son depict courtly life at large?” is another indirect speech act. Formally, it is a question, but in essence it is an indirect statement (a representative).

Another article in “The Times” of November 13, 1999 is devoted to the safety of flights of private airplanes:

“…Their central, and only, point is not an argument but a prejudice - that safety and private sector are incompatible. This is obviously wrong, as the impressive history of this country's airlines and airports makes plain”.

The utterance “It's not an argument, but a predjudice - that safety and private sector are incompatible” is a representative, but on the other hand, the author protests against the point of view taken by his opponents, and this utterance can also be regarded as an indirect expressive.

Evidently, indirect speech acts influence the quality of argumentation, and that is crucial for publicism. They amplify the speaker’s impact upon the hearers’ feelings and emotions.

3. Advertising

Indirect speech acts are widely used in advertising.
Advertisements can perform various literal functions combining representatives (information on the product), commissives (safety or quality guarantee), expressives (admiration for the product), etc. But the pragmatic focus of any advertisement is always a directive: “Buy it now!”

For example, the advertisement: “You’ll see Tefal in action! Purchasing the new model, you get a present!” is a directive disguised as a commissive (a promise). Often the implication is biased from the product to its potential user, like in the slogan: “L’Oreal, Paris. Because I’m worth it” (a directive camouflaged as a representative).

4. Anecdotes

Indirect speech acts are often the heart of an anecdote
[17]: Two businessmen made a fortune by means of forgery and were doing their best to be considered aristocrats. They even had their portraits painted by the most famous and “expensive” artist. The portraits were first displayed at a grand rout. The businessmen brought the most influential critic to the portraits hoping to hear the words of admiration and compliments. The critic stared at the portraits for a while, then shook his head as if something important were missing and asked pointing at the space between the portraits: “And where is the Savior?”

The implication of the question is unambiguous: Jesus
Christ between the two robbers. The critic made up a complicated indirect speech act: he disguised an evaluative representative:
“You are two scoundrels, of that I am sure” as a question “And where is the Savior?”

Anecdotes often play with a wrong understanding of the speaker’s illocutionary point by the hearer, for example:

Someone knocks at the window of a peasant’s house at 3 a.m.:
- Hey, you need any firewood?
- No, go away, I am sleeping.

In the morning, the peasant saw that all the firewood disappeared from his shed.

In this funny story the peasant took the question for an offer, and his interlocutor (hardly by mistake) took the refusal as the answer.

7. INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS AS A YARDSTICK OF COMMUNICATIVE

MATURITY AND MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING

“Нам не дано предугадать, как слово

наше отзовется”.

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