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Movement and action

The connection of MOVEMENT with ACTION is established though the metaphorization of activities as places. Activities can be described as if they were linear motion. It is then possible to move into (rush) or away from an activity (leave, quit, abandon):

(35) They abandoned the game because of the rain.

On the other hand, causing an activity is causing movement forward:

(36) She pushed me into taking the job.

Conclusion

The semantic analysis of the field of MOVEMENT has shown that words are embedded in a set of rich semantic relations. The focalization of a meaning component and the genus of the lexeme account for the extension of a few MOVEMENT verbs to other subdomains within the domain (intrafield extensions). On the other hand, the metaphorical processes encoded in the semantic domain of MOVEMENT account for the projection of many verbs onto other semantic fields (interfield extensions), thus giving proof of the linguistic significance of metaphor.a

Notes

1 This assumption is found in some semantic theories (i.e. prototype semantics).

2 By working upwards from the definitional structure of primary lexemes, Faber and Mairal (1997) have identified eleven semantic domains corresponding to basic conceptual categories: EXISTENCE, MOVEMENT, POSITION, CHANGE, PERCEPTION, FEELING, COGNITION, POSSESSION, SPEECH, SOUND, and GENERAL ACTION.

3 The concept of subdomain is based on Geckeler´s (1971) concept of lexical dimension.

4 See appendix for the configuration of the paradigmatic axis of the semantic domain of MOVEMENT.

5 Lakoff and Johnson’s Experiential Hypothesis (1980: 267-268) postulates that most abstract concepts arise from our preconceptual bodily experiences as infants —like the experience of up and down— by metaphorical projection.

6 Note the conceptualization of the mind as a place. As Romelhart (1993:89) points out: “We use a spatial world to talk about the mind”.

7 This verb codifies the conduit metaphor (cf. above).

8 The verbs in brackets are an example of the type of verbs falling in each subdomain.

Список литературы

Coseriu, Eugenio. 1977. Principios de Semántica Estructural. Madrid: Gredos.

Dik, Simon C. 1997. Functional Grammar. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.

Faber, Pamela and Ricardo Mairal. 1997. “The Paradigmatic and the Syntagmatic Structure of the Semantic Field of EXISTENCE in the Elaboration of a Semantic Macronet”. In Studies in Language 21 (1) (Amsterdam: John Benjamins): 119-154.

---. 1998. “Towards a Semantic Syntax”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses: 37-64.

---. 1999. Constructing an English Lexicon for Verbs. Berlin: Mouton.

Geckeler, Horst. 1971. Strukturelle Semantik und Wortfeldtheorie. Munich: Fink.

Goatly, Andrew. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge.

Halliday, Mark. A. K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.

Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Martín Mingorance, Leocadio. 1984. “Lexical Fields and Stepwise Lexical Decomposition in a Contrastive English-Spanish Verb Valency Dictionary”. In Hartman, R. R. K. (ed.). LEXeter ’83 Proceedings. Papers from the International Conference on Lexicography at Exeter. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer: 226-236.

---. 1985a. “La semántica sintagmática del adjetivo. Parámetros para la organización de un lexicón inglés/ español de valencias adjetivales”. Actas del II Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada. Madrid: Sociedad General Española de Librería: 329-340.

---. 1985b. “Bases metodológicas para un estudio contrastivo del léxico derivado”. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada. 1: 37-54.

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