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> Heifer housing:

V 6-8 months

V 9-12 months

V 13-15 months (breeding age)

V 16-24 months

The number of replacement animals to be housed depends on the number of milking cows and bred heifers. As herd size increases, so does number of replacements. Increasing herd size without expanding facilities for replacements results in crowding which can increase injury, disease transmission, and lower growth rates.

Table 1. Typical management categories of a herd.[1]

This table is only a management guideline. These are categories and not group size

|Herd size = total cows |75 |100 |250 |400 |
|Calves and heifers |75 |100 |250 |400 |
|0-2 months, 150 lb |6 |8 |20 |32 |
|3-5 months, 250 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|6-8 months, 400 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|9-12 months, 600 lb |14 |18 |45 |72 |
|13-15 months, 800 lb |9 |12 |30 |48 |
|16-24 months, 1,000 lb |29 |38 |95 |152 |
|Dry cows |13 |17 |43 |68 |
|Transition (first 4-14 days) |0-4 |1-5 |4-9 |5-16 |
|Next 40 days |8-9 |11-12 |28-30 |45-48 |
|(Divide in 2 groups) | | | | |
|Close-up |2-5 |3-6 |8-15 |16-24 |
|(2-3 weeks prepartum) | | | | |
|Maternity (individual pens) |3-5 |4-6 |10-16 |16-24 |
|Fresh cows |1-3 |1-4 |3-10 |4-12 |
|(from 0-7 days postpartum) | | | | |
|Two-years-old (305 days)[2] |18-24 |26-30 |65-75 |104-120 |
|Three years and older (305 |44 |58 |145 |232 |
|days) b |15-18 |20-24 |50-60 |80-96 |
|High producers | | | | |
|(120 days or less) |12-15 |16-20 |40-50 |60-72 |
|Medium producers |12-15 |16-20 |40-50 |60-72 |
|Low producers | | | | |
|Sick cows |0-4 |0-5 |0-13 |0-20 |

Management groups

Separating replacement animals into groups according to age, size or special management needs allows each group to be treated according to its needs. Plan building space and layout for these groups of animals using
Tables 2 and 3. More than one group can be housed in the same building, but allow for managing each group separately. In larger herds, separate facilities may be provided for each group. Some of the benefits of managing animals in groups are:

> Healthier animals by minimizing the risk of transmitting disease to younger animals.

> Good feed efficiency by reducing competition for feed.

> Calving at proper weight and size at 24 months.

> Feed handling ease, and proper diets according to age.

> Manure handling ease.

> Animal observation and handling ease for breeding, treatment and grouping.

> Proper ventilation and environment.

> Proper resting space or freestall size.

Space requirements for a particular operation depend on the housing system chosen and how replacements move from the resting area to feed and to water and back again. Herd size and makeup are guides to estimating the space needed for resting, but alley size, water space and bunk space must also be considered to accommodate the animals and provide an animal friendly environment.

Provide separate areas for resting and feeding. Feeding in resting areas increases manure accumulation and more bedding is required to keep animals clean and dry.

Resting space

Adequate resting space for management groups is a key factor in efficient growth. Required space for different housing alternatives including bedded resting areas, self-cleaning resting areas (solid, sloped floors) and freestalls are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

Feeding and watering space

Provide adequate feeding space, so young stock do not have to compete for feed. Optimum feeding space varies with type of feed, feeding schedule and animal size, Fig 1 and Tables 5 and 6.

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