The history of Old English and its development
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oft (often)
eft (again)
swб (so)
hwнlum (sometimes).
Secondary adverbs originated from the instrumental singular of the
neuter adjectives of strong declension. They all add the suffix -e: wide
(widely), dйope (deeply), fжste (fast), hearde (hard). Another major
sugroup of them used the suffixes -lнc, -lнce from more complexed
adjectives: bealdlнce (boldly), freondlнce (in a friendly way).
Adverbs, as well as adjectives, had their degrees of comparison:
wнde - wнdor - wнdost (widely - more widely - most widely)
long - leng (long - longer)
feorr (far) - fierr
sуfte (softly) - sйft
йaюe (easily) - нeю
wel (well) - betre - best
yfele (badly) - wiers, wyrs - wierst
micele (much) - mбre - mж'st
The Old English Verb.
Old English system had strong and weak verbs: the ones which used the
ancient Germanic type of conjugation (the Ablaut), and the ones which just
added endings to their past and participle forms. Strong verbs make the
clear majority. According to the traditional division, which is taken form
Gothic and is accepted by modern linguistics, all strong verbs are
distinguished between seven classes, each having its peculiarities in
conjugation and in the stem structure. It is easy to define which verb is
which class, so you will not swear trying to identify the type of
conjugation of this or that verb (unlike the situation with the
substantives).
Here is the table which is composed for you to see the root vowels of all
strong verb classes. Except the VII class, they all have exact stem vowels
for all four main forms:
[pic]
Now let us see what Old English strong verbs of all those seven
classes looked like and what were their main four forms. I should mention
that besides the vowel changes in the stem, verbal forms also changed stem
consonants very often. The rule of such changes is not mentioned
practically in any books on the Old English language, though there is some.
See for yourselves this little chart where the samples of strong verb
classes are given with their four forms:
Infinitive, Past singular, Past plural, Participle II (or Past Participle)
Class I
wrнtan (to write), wrбt, writon, writen
snнpan (to cut), snбю, snidon, sniden
Other examples: belнfan (stay), clнfan (cling), ygrнpan (clutch), bнtan
(bite), slнtan (slit), besmнtan (dirty), gewнtan (go), blнcan (glitter), sнcan (sigh), stнgan (mount), scнnan (shine), бrнsan (arise), lнюan (go).
Class II
bйodan (to offer), bйad, budon, boden
cйosan (to choose), cйas, curon, coren
Other examples: crйopan (creep), clйofan (cleave), flйotan (fleet), gйotan (pour), grйotan (weep), nйotan (enjoy), scйotan (shoot), lйogan
(lie), brйowan (brew), drйosan (fall), frйosan (freeze), forlйosan (lose).
Class III
III a) a nasal consonant
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