The history of Old English and its development
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bringan (to bring), brуhte, brуht
Other examples of the I class weak verbs just for your interest: berian
(beat), derian (harm), erian (plough), ferian (go), herian (praise), gremman (be angry), wennan (accustom), clynnan (sound), dynnan (resound), hlynnan (roar), hrissan (tremble), sceююan (harm), wecgean (move), fйran
(go), lж'ran (teach), drжfan (drive), fэsan (hurry), drэgean (dry), hнepan
(heap), mйtan (to meet), wэscean (wish), byldan (build), wendan (turn), efstan (hurry). All these are regular.
Class II
macian (to make), macode, macod
lufian (to love), lufode, lufod
hopian (to hope), hopode, hopod
Tis class makes quite a small group of verbs, all of them having -o- before
the past endings. Other samples: lofian (praise), stician (pierce), eardian
(dwell), scйawian (look), weorюian (honour), wundrian (wonder), fжstnian
(fasten), mжrsian (glorify).
Class III
habban (to have), hжfde, hжfd
libban (to live), lifde, lifd
secgan (to say), sжgde, sжgd
hycgan (to think), hogde, hogod
юrйagan (to threaten), юrйade, юrйad
smйagan (to think), smйade, smйad
frйogan (to free), frйode, frйod
fйogan (to hate), fйode, fйod
Old English verbs are conjugated having two tenses - the Present tense
and the Past tense, and three moods - indicative, subjunctive, and
imperative. Of these, only the subjunctive mood has disappeared in the
English language, acquiring an analytic construction instead of
inflections; and the imperative mood has coincided with the infinitive form
(to write - write!). In the Old English period they all looked different.
The common table of the verb conjugation is given below. Here you should notice that the Present tense has the conjugation for all three moods, while the Past tense - for only two moods (no imperative in the Past tense, naturally). Some more explanation should be given about the stem types.
In fact all verbal forms were generated in Old English from three verb
stems, and each verb had its own three ones: the Infinitive stem, the Past
Singular stem, the Past Plural stem. For the verb wrнtan, for example, those three stems are: wrнt- (infinitive without the ending -an), wrбt-
(the Past singular), writ- (the Past plural without the ending -on). The
table below explains where to use this or that stem.
[pic]
Additionally, the participles (Participle I and Participle II) are
formed by the suffix -ende to the Infinitive stem (participle I), or the
prefix ge- + the Past Plural stem + the ending -en (Participle II).
Tired of the theory? Here is the preactice. We give several examples of the
typical verbs - first strong, then weak, then irregular.
Class I strong - wrнtan (to write)
Pres. Past
Ind. Subj. Imper. ¦ Ind. Subj.
Sg. 1 wrнte - ¦ wrбt
2 wrнtest wrнte wrнt ¦ write } wrнte
3 wrнteю - ¦ wrбt
Pl. wrнtaю wrнten 2 wrнtaю ¦ writon writen
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