Политический лидер-Хосни Мубарак

Категория реферата: Рефераты по политологии
Теги реферата: реферат влияние, инновационная деятельность
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Aspiration of Sadat to play the leading part on international scene, his often trips abroad gave Mubarak an opportunity to strengthen the positions inside the country. He began that has reorganized political police and confidential services which have penetrated into all chink the
Egyptian society. He, certainly, did not manage to cure all illnesses of these departments, but as a result of the carried out cleaning he could get rid of the elements which have compromised.

Becomingin 1978 vice-president national - democratic, created by
Sadat in exchange him of the spoiled Arabian socialist union, Mubarak has got influential friends, that has strengthened his position even more.

During six with superfluous years vice-president honesty put into practice a policy of the cartridge. In the top echelons of power about him responded yours faithfully, marked his intelligence, natural sharpness, hardness and frankness, serviceability.

Simple Egyptians appreciated vice-president incorruptibility. He has managed to remain away from corruption with which his relatives, many high- ranking officials, which were infected Sadat, not hesitating, plundered the country. It is no surprising, that Egyptians till now name Mubarak " mister honesty ".

Probably, he and would remain diligent vice-president, but the bullets which have struck Sadat, have advanced Mubarak further away - he became the president of Egypt.

INDEPENDENT FLIGHT

Mubarak has inherited from Sadat almost monarchic mode isolated in the Arabian world and wallowing in external duties. However in people and in the environment of secular opposition which many representatives appeared at Sadat behind a lattice, coming to power new president have met with the big hopes for changes.

"The New leader have supported therefore, - known Egyptian journalist Hejkal, wrote in one of articles - that he was the most suitable person, capable to disseminate the fear reigned in Egypt and to heal the mental traumas put to the country. The person who would not began to make grandiose plans was necessary for Egyptians, but also would not finish the country before accident ".

Quiet, modest, but resolute - Mubarak has provided transition of authority practically without a uniform false step. As has shown time, the former military pilot who has gone in the first independent flight as the head of the state, not only has not given in before getting from Sadat troubles, but with honour has left many followed tests, having strengthened the authority. Acknowledgement to that - participation of president
Mubaraka in meeting of chapters of the Arabian states and the governments, taking place in Casablanca in May, 1989, and then his election on a post of the chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

But it will be later... While Mubarak, having borrowed a presidential armchair, has set free on all political prisoners and has shaken hands with them. Members of the organization finishing with Sadat, were prosecuted, and then executed or imprisoned. To tell the truth, many secret extremist Islamic groupings soon were revealed, one of which - "Al-
Aksa" in May, 1982 has sentenced the president to a death penalty.

However, due to the vigorous activity of confidential services,
Mubarak has managed to separate the "moderate" elements of Islamic opposition rejecting violence as a method of internal political struggle, from " incorrigible extremists ". In result, for first twelve months of board he has released 4.000 Islamic active workers.

Running forward, I shall tell, that Mubarak, knowing about the danger proceeding from Islamic extremists, avoids drastic measures in religious sphere. He understands, that the problem of radical Islamic fundamentalism still remains on the agenda. Though extremists also are tired out in a underground, they at any time can appear, how it already happened in October, 1981, when was killed (or is executed) Sadat.

As to secular opposition, that, having come to authority, the president at once has declared readiness to start dialogue with its leaders. He has resolved activity of opposition parties, and even their representation in parliament. Besides he has agreed with renewal of the edition of newspapers of opposition.

Aspiring to strengthen the position, and at the same time being compelled to be considered with supporters Sadata, kept key posts in the political and economic life, the new president started to carry out gradual
"desadatation". Under his direct instruction were prosecuted the brother of the deceased -president Ismat Sadat and his sons supervising roguish operations. Process above them has allowed Mubarak to show the determination to liquidate corruption in the Egyptian society.

The majority of those who watched activity Mubarak at the initial stage, unanimously marked, that he has declared himself as the figure of " new type ". When him have asked: " You are going to follow What political line - of Nasere or of Sadat? ", he has answered with a smile: " Own, certainly ".

On the spot has specified, that his policy will be based on four principles: democratic pluralism, an openness, honesty and the decision of economic problems.

No, president Mubarak did not call in question (anyway, public) the basic directions of a political rate of the predecessor. But tried to expand freedom of actions in the inherited frameworks, refusing simultaneously from sensational gestures in style of Sadat. Moreover, he did not try to disguise verbal demagogy problems facing to Egypt as it was done by the former leader. In opposite to Sadat Mubarak did not undertake ostentatious attempts to solve internal problems by reviewing the study.
But in the first speeches he constantly called for growth of labour productivity, amplification of feeling of the responsibility, to social justice.

As against Sadat new the head of the state abstained from promises, but invariable tried to give a new pulse to economic policy. He slowly but to develop began truly in Egypt democracy, trusting what exactly it will provide in long-term prospect political stability to a mode. It is more than that, he has frankly declared people, that the government can solve all problems facing to it.

- New Egypt will be constructed only by work of Egyptians, - the president likes to repeat.

Nevertheless, Mubarak in the intention to improve economy still recognizes that "infitah" - the policy of open doors begun by Sadat, basically was correct, but it was put into practice unsuccessfully and was discredited corruption, reigned in Egypt. Having received thanking Camp-
Daving to agreements "special" attitudes from USA, president Mubarak tried to squeeze out from them a maximum possible. Both in political, and in the economic plan, skilfully playing on aspiration of Americans to be fixed on
Near East.

Using such trump card as threat of freezing, and even a severance of diplomatic relations with Israel, Mubarak has received to some extent to influence a middle East policy of USA. Certainly, a degree of this influence to overestimate does not cost, but it, undoubtedly, is.

President Mubarak, certainly, appreciates communications of Egypt and USA as receives from them two, and even it is more, billions dollars annually as gratuitous gifts, loans and military credits. These injections of steel for him that "lifebuoy ring" which keeps on shallow the Egyptian economy.

But also here there are strict limits on cooperation, is especial at a political level. So, for example, on the offer of USA to help with construction of military base on Red sea for the forces of fast expansion the Egyptian president has answered with resolute refusal.He has declared, that Egypt will construct its itself and will keep there the control.
Americans can use it when Cairo will consider military intervention of
Washington necessary.

Never refusing "special" attitudes from USA, Mubarak at the same time has made appreciable efforts for restoration of normal diplomatic relations with Soviet Union which were completely normalized in 1984. Practically all obstacles, long time braking development of attitudes between our countries today are eliminated.

It is not necessary to think, however, that " independent flight " passed president Mubaraka smoothly. The Israeli intrusion into Lebanon in
June, 1982 has caused internal pressure on Mubarak with the purpose to change character of the egipetsko-Israeli attitudes. One more test for him steel of excitement of 17 thousand employees of forces of the internal safety, having a place in February, 1986. The army has quickly suppressed these excitements, and the president, due to resolute actions, has strengthened the positions even more.

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