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Compare the following sentences.

Talking to someone about a problem usually helps to solve it.
I had a talk with Susan last night.

The gerund is used when we speak in general. To speak about one specific occasion, we can use some verbs as nouns in the structure have a + noun.

Write two sentences for each of the following words, one with a gerund and one with have a + noun.

Ride; drink; look; wash; quarrel; walk

13. Noun + preposition

Many nouns are followed by prepositions. Put the correct preposition into each gap.

a. I got a cheque __________ five hundred pounds in the post today. b. There has been a rise __________ the number of violent crimes. c. Have you seen this photo __________ my daughter? Isn’t she beautiful? d. The difference __________ you and me is that I don’t mind hard work. e. I can think of no reason __________ such strange behaviour. f. It took a long time to find a solution __________ the problem. g. Could you give me some information __________ train times? h. I’m having trouble __________ my car. It won’t start. i. She’s doing research __________ the causes of tooth decay. j. This is a machine __________ grinding coffee.

Unit 6 Reported speech

Report structures: ‘that’-clauses

Main points

o You usually use your own words to report what someone said, rather than repeating their exact words. o Report structures contain a reporting clause first, then a reported clause. o When you are reporting a statement, the reported clause is a ‘that’- clause. o You must mention the hearer with ‘tell’. You need not mention the hearer with ‘say’.
When you are reporting what someone said, you do not usually repeat their exact words, you use your own words in a report structure.

Jim said he wanted to go home.

Jim’s actual words might have been ‘It’s time I went’ or ‘I must go’.

Report structures contain two clauses. The first clause is the reporting clause, which contains a reporting verb such as ‘say’, ‘tell’, or ‘ask’.

She said that she'd been to Belgium.
The man in the shop told me how much it would cost.

You often use verbs that refer to people’s thoughts and feelings to report what people say. If someone says ‘I am wrong’, you might report this as ‘He felt that he was wrong’.

The second clause in a report structure is the reported clause, which contains the information that you are reporting. The reported clause can be a ‘that’-clause, a ‘to’-infinitive clause, an ‘if’-clause, or a ‘wh’-word clause.

She said that she didn't know.
He told me to do it.
Mary asked if she could stay with us.
She asked where he'd gone.

If you want to report a statement, you use a ‘that’-clause after a verb such as ‘say’.

|admit |argue |decide |insist |reply |
|agree |claim |deny |mention |say |
|answer |complain |explain |promise |warn |

He said that he would go.

I replied that I had not read it yet.

You often omit ‘that’ from the ‘that’-clause, but not after ‘answer’,
‘argue’, ‘explain’, or ‘reply’.

They said I had to see a doctor first.
He answered that the price would be three pounds.

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