Интонация
Категория реферата: Топики по английскому языку
Теги реферата: контроль реферат, культурология
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As a result of downdrift, there is a natural iconic association of falling pitch with finality and related meanings such as assurance or defini-tiveness. Conversely, there is a natural association of non-falling (steady-state or rising) pitch with non-finality and related meanings such as lack of assurance or non-definitiveness. The difference between falling and non-falling or rising intonation is represented by Cruttenden (1981) as that between "closed" (assertive) and "open" (non-assertive) meaning.
Individual words or phrases may in some cases constitute an entire utterance in natural speech, as can be seen in the different intonation contours for okay in figure.
|
Contour |
Meaning |
Example |
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|
Fall |
Neutral |
O K A Y. (I accept this.) |
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|
High Rise |
Contradictory/ unbelieving |
Y? A K O (I don’t accept this.) |
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|
Low Rise |
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