Рефераты | Топики по английскому языку | Интонация Интонация Категория реферата: Топики по английскому языку Теги реферата: контроль реферат, культурология Добавил(а) на сайт: Клюкин. Предыдущая страница реферата | 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 | Следующая страница реферата	KAY… O (I’m listening.)
Fall - Rise	uncertain	O Y, KA (But I’m doubtful.)
Rise - Fall	With commitment/ definite/ emphatic	KA O Y! (Definitely.)

The two compound patterns combine the meanings of falling and rising intonation in interesting iconic meanings. The fall-rise pattern has the meaning of both, i.e. both closed and open meaning. This signifies both definiteness and indefiniteness simultaneously, in the sense that a referent is instantiated but the utterance is not yet completed or in the sense that the speaker feels some hesitancy, reservation, doubt or uncertainty. The rise-fall pattern incorporates the fall of completion or assurance of the first pattern with the emotional overtone of a high pitch in the middle of the utterance. This is a so-called swell tone used for emphatic meaning: as the tone swells, the meaning or emphasis increases.

Brazil, Coulthard and Johns (1980) point out the importance of relative pitch, in a discourse context, e.g. for indicating affect or emotion. Most importantly, relative pitch of an utterance shows the speaker's attitude toward the information that heshe is conveying. The neutral, unmarked, mid relative pitch - which is the speaker's modal pitch - is used to make a statement in a neutral manner. In contrast, high relative pitch indicates an informational contrast, as shown in example (a). Because high key implies a contrast even when one is not explicitly present in the discourse, it can be used to single out individual words for special attention, as in example (b).

Y

H a

ar 1

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