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Shortenings and abbreviations.

Lexical and graphical abbreviations,the main differences between them.
Types of graphical abbreviations.
Types of initias, peculiarities of their pronunciation.
Lexical shortenings of words, their reference to styles.
Compound-shortened words, their structural types.

Analyze the following lexical units:

aggro /aggression/ Algol / algorythmic language/ apex /eipeks/ - advanced purchased excursion/ payment for an excursion ninety days before the time of excursion/
A-day /announcement Day - day of announcing war/
AID / artifitial insemination by a donor/
AIDS / acquired immunity deficiency syndrome/
Ala / Alabama/ a.s.a.p. /as soon as possible/ bar-B-Q ,barb /barbecue/ to baby-sit / baby-sitter/
A-level /advanced level/ BC /birth certificate/ burger /hamberger/ Camford, Oxbridge
CALL /computer-assisted language learning/
CAT /computer-assisted training/ cauli / cauliflower/ COD / cash on delivery/
COBOL / k ubol/ /common business-oriented language/ co- ed comp /komp, k mp/ /accompaniment/
DINKY /double income ,no kids yet/
E-Day /entrance day //Common Market/ expo/exposition/ edbiz/ educational business/ el-hi / elementary and high schools/, ex lib/ex libris/ /from the library of/ etc Euratom fax /facsimile/
G-7 / group of seven: GB, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, Italy, Spain/.

FORTRAN /formula translation/.

Seminar 6.

Phraseological units.

Ways of forming phraseological units.
Semantic classification of phraseological units.
Structural classification of phraseological units.
Syntactical classification of phraseological units.

Analyze the following phraseological units according to their meaning, structure, syntactical function and the way they are formed:

When pigs fly /never/. To leap into marriage.
To be a whipping boy. To be behind scenes.
Girl Friday /a man’s assistant/. Fire in the belly.
Man Friday /a true friend/. A dear John.
To be on the beam. Game, set and match.
Country and western. To jump out of one’s skin.
As smart as paint. It’s my cup of tea.
Robin Crusoe and Friday / seats at a theatre divided by a passage/.
Fortune favours fools. To be in the dog house.
The green power. Green Berets.
Culture vulture. To get off one’s back.
To make headlines. On the nose.
With a bump. To have a short fuse.
To vote with one’s feet. Nuts and bolts.
Blackboard jungle. The sky is the limit.
Cash and carry. To nose out.
To sandwich in. Berlin wall.

A close mouth catches no flies. To speak BBB.

To sound like a computer. As dull as lead.
Last but not least. On the stroke of.

Seminar 7.

Phraseological units.

Students choose ten phraseological units from Koonin’s dictionary of phraseological units and a unilingual dictionary of idioms and analyze them in the written form. During the seminar they analyze their phrasological units chosen from dictionaries at the blackboard.

Seminar 8.

Borrowings.

Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed:
Latin borrowings.
French borrowings.
Italian borrowings.
Scandinavian borrowings.
German borrowings.
Russian borrowings.
Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect: phonetic borrowings, semantic borrowings, translation loans, morphemeic borrowings, hybrids.
Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation: fully assimilated borrowings, partly assimilated borrowings, barbarisms.
Borrowings partly assimilated semantically, grammatically, phonetically and graphically.

Analyze the following borrowings:

school represent sky-blue degree rhythm immobility chandelier the Zoo vase mot /mou/ hybrid bouffant illuminate keenly communicative possessiveness to reproach command moustache gifted boutique skipper cache-pot well-scrubbed nouveau riche emphatic mysteriously dactyl Nicholas group to possess chenile psychological garage guarantee contempt trait/trei/ triumph stomach sympathy cynical Philipp schoolboy Christianity paralyzed system hotel cyclic diphtheria kerchief dark-skinned.

Seminar 9

Semaciology.

Word and notion.
Lexical meaning and notion.
Polysemy.
Homonyms.
Synonyms.
Antonyms.
Classifications of homonyms when applied to analysis.
Classifications of antonyms when applied to analysis.

Analyze the following lexical units applying the above mentioned classifications of homonyms and antonyms:

present - absent, present - to present like , to like - to dislike - dislike sympathy - antipathy progress - to progress, regress - to regress success - failure, successful- unsuccessful left - left/to leave/, right adj. - right n. inflexible - flexible unsafe - safe adj. - safe n. fair n. - fair adj. unfair, foul piece - peace dark-haired - fair-haired a row - a row /rou/ - /rau/ a fan - a fan superiority - inferiority different - similar, indifferent, alike, difference - similarity meaningful - meaningless after prep.- before -before adv., before conj. to gossip - a gossip shapeless - shapy air - to air - air fearless - fearful bright - dim, dull, sad to fasten - to unfasten something - nothing eldest - oldest -youngest to husband - husband obscure - to obscure unaccustomed - accustomed to exclude - to include to conceal -to reveal too - too- two somewhere - nowhere a drawer - a drawer with - without

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