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    products. This kind of failure occurs in two quite different cases:

    1) The first occasion has to do with the market's responsiveness  to

       the  demands of consumers.  The failure occurs when customers are

       unable to detect defects before purchase or to protect themselves

       by  taking appropriate precautions after purchase,  when they are

       unable to translate their willingness  to  pay  for  nondefective

       products  into  a  demand  that  some  producers will satisfy and

       profit from. It also occurs when suppliers are unable to gain any

       competitive  ad-  vantage  either  by  exposing  defects in their

       rivals' products or by touting the relative merits of their own.

    2) The second kind of market failure is an inability to  internalize

       harm  to bystanders - third parties who have no dealings with the

       producers but who just happen to be in the  wrong  place  at  the

       wrong time when a product malfunctions.  Even when these kinds of

       failures occur,  legal accountability is problematic  if  it  in

       turn  entails  inevitable  error  in  application or requires the

       taking  of  such  costly  precautions  that  they  cover  up  all

       benefits.

       Conceiving of quality as  a  function  of accuracy, relevance and

    comple- teness,  consumers of political information  are  not  in  a

    strong  position  when  it comes to detecting quality defects in the

    political information they receive.  Revelance may  well  be  within

    their ken,  but since they are quite unable to verify for themselves

    either the accuracy or the completeness of any particular account of

    political events.  In addition,  since political information usually

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